Stack

When parsing, charges, force fields, inverse folding and language-model likelihoods all live in one Automatic differentiation: gradients flow through the whole composition, not just the last step., objectives that used to live in separate processes can be composed and differentiated together.

proteinsmc optimising ProteinMPNN likelihood, ESM likelihood and codon adaptation index as one fitness is the existence proof — and the reason expaloma had to come off PyTorch and DGL in the first place.

Every entry carries a status. working — in use and behaving. partial — real, incomplete. early — exploratory. paused — not currently developed.

Sampling and design

Proposing sequences, under a schedule and against a composed objective.

Learned models

What a structure or a family says about which residues belong where.

Physics

Why some positions can vary and others cannot — energies, motion, and where a fold is physically constrained.

Parameters

The constants the physics needs, inferred rather than tabulated.

Parsing and IO

Getting structures and sequences into array form. Unglamorous, and the thing that breaks first.

Infrastructure

Cross-cutting: the training and tooling scaffolding every layer above needs.

At the bench

The physical measurement and selection layer of the same stack. Variation can be narrowed by a temperature schedule or by a selection schedule; only one of them tells you whether the protein actually works.